Essentially, no. Your memory retention and productivity decline down as you study (based on averages of course). Taking frequent breaks allows your brain to essentially ‘reset’ and go back up nearly to as productive as you were at the start. The length of the break (and productivity decline) will vary per person, but a 5 minute break every half hour is generally recommended.
Many famous scientists and philosophers and other people used frequent breaks to do something entirely different (play a violin, do a crossword, meditate, or other playful activities). And that allowed their brain to process information.
A further interesting part as you mention memory retention in particular is that 1. you can learn the memory techniques memory champions use to remember thousands of numbers (or whatever you want, formulae, historical events, successions, etc). And 2. Sleep helps shift things from short term to long term memory. Studying, sleeping, exam, will perform better than studying, rest, exam.
In essence, 1 hour of *quality* study will be better than 3 hours of poor quality study.
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