Just watched an Air Crash Investigation episode in which the investigators studying the wreckage say that a certain bolt shearing off during flight caused the crash. How can they tell that the broken bolt was during flight and not because of the crash?
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in addition to the fine answers already given, the relative location of a given item of wreckage can help determine when a part failed.
for example, if the item and its bolts were found some distance from “main” crash site in the direction the plane came form, then that would suggest it came off it during flight and fell short while the rest of the plane carried on at little futher.
other elements can include data from the “black boxes” which show a failure in a given system , or the pilots talking about what they can see (“THE WHOLE BLOODY ENGINE IS GONE!”), or external witnesses that saw the part seperate.
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