Sensor size and lenses. I am not an expert but IIRC when you squash gazzillion pixels in a small sensor they start to effect each other more. Which causes noise.
Lenses’ performance is measured how they resolve detail. Optical resolution. Big lenses are made with lots of different glass elements. Polished and coated to correct abbreviations both optical and color. For example nikkor 70-200 2.8 have 21 individual lens elements in 16 groups. Which means some are glued together. As compared to cellphones’ single element, quiet possibly; some sort of plastic; lenses. (Most of them anyway )
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