Assuming a basic car:
There’s a little contactor that closes that energizes all the switched 12 V circuits: things like the radio, the AC system, engine ignition, and the fuel pump.
That’s about it. That answers your question.
If you want more information related to your question, but not specifically asked:
If your turn to ACC instead of ON, then the the engine and fuel pump does not get power, but the other accessories do.
If your turn the key to Start. another contactor closes to spin the starter motor, and start the engine.
Most people don’t turn a car to ON unless then also want to start it. That’s what ACC is for.
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