The same way the first language does. At your most basic levels, you aren’t learning about the world because of your mastery of language. Although it may not seem that way, language is just one of the many, many things that you use to understand the world. Language is a just a very deliberate method we use to cue feelings and memory in other people’s (and our own) brains.
I’m also just talking out of my ass and have no knowledge on the subject
When your ability in a non-native language gets good enough, your brain treats it pretty much the same as your native language. “Car” and “voiture” both have similar neural pathways and invoke the same thing because you just know the words have the same meaning.
People with worse language skills might form a sentence in their native language first and sort of “manually” translate it, but when you’re what could be considered fluent in a language, there’s no mental “detour” like that.
In your brain cortex there’s an area filled with neurons whose purpose is to understand speech, and send whatever you understood further into the brain.
When you become bilingual, that area has neurons for both languages, meaning you don’t need to translate in your mother language anymore.
The english neurons understand english, the french neurons understand french, and then they both send the understood concept to the same areas of the brain.
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