Keep in mind it takes Uranus 84 Earth years to orbit the sun. As they were observing it they then used math to predict the path it would take. That path will then show how big it is and how far it is. Over time they kept finding inexplicable deviations from their predictions.
After enough data was gathered, someone then proposed that these deviations were caused by another planet’s gravity further out. People worked out the math, found where this other planet “should” be if it were to exist and when they pointed their telescopes there, lo and behold Neptune was discovered.
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