A lot of airlines/countries require windows to be open because:
1. So passengers can notice anything abnormal outside during the most crucial parts of the flight.
2. In the event of an evacuation, the eyes of the passengers should already be somewhat used to the light outside already. This is common during nighttime evacuation—going from a bright cabin to darkness outside takes a while to get used to.
Requiring them closed is rarer. Usually it’s just to keep the cabin cool or relaxing (especially if the sun outside is super bright). In some cases, there may also be rules *requiring* closed windows due to security reasons. For example, some airports in China are right next to military bases, and passengers are required to shut their windows until the plane climbed well into the air.
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