They are doing different things beyond just the “normal” timed 100% power option. Every manufacturer is different of course, but generally “potato” lowers the power for an extended period of time, “pizza” might kick on a top heating element and increase the fan, etc. Many “popcorn” settings are actually quite sophisticated nowadays, and can listen to the audio signal of the pops to determine when to finish a bag of popcorn. Technology Connections actually has [a great video about this](https://youtu.be/Limpr1L8Pss). When in doubt, the manual for your specific microwave usually explains the different settings in detail.
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