The GB cartridge stores a program. This program is a list of instructions for a CPU. So a CPU asks the cartridge about a specific location in memory and gets a response like “this location contains a command to change this value” or “this command tells you to jump to this location if this value is zero” etc.
Game shark intercepts the communication and allows to override some values. So let’s say that your character just got killed. The CPU asks the cartridge about the command to perform. The cartridge would say “decrement the life counter”. But the gameshark says “no operation”. This is how you get infinite lives.
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