It doesn’t. It’s mostly junk science that prosecutors have convinced judges is real and is propped up by crime drama TV shows like Law and Order or CSI. AT best, you can reliably identify things like caliber size and characteristics of the barrel groove, which can tell you gun make and model but that’s about it. There *might* be some unique wear patterns in the barrel, extractor, or ejector, and those can leave markings on the bullet or the casing, but that’s a big if. It also requires having the bullet or casing and the specific gun in question to match the markings to.
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