A QR code is a barcode but in 2 dimensions.
A barcode, when scanned in one direction, represents a set of numbers and/or letters. A barcode is easier for a machine to read than writing out the numbers/letters. If you scratch out text, you can’t read it but a barcode can take a few scratches and scrapes while still being readable.
A QR code stores more information than a barcode because it can use 2 dimensions to store numbers and letters. That’s why it can be scanned and represent a hyperlink. They can also be smaller than writing out the entire link. They have some protections against damage but not as much as the simple barcode.
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