When the signal exceeds a certain threshold of volume, the compressor kicks in and starts reducing the volume by a certain amount (the ratio). How fast it does this is determined by the “attack” and the “release” controls how long it takes for the compression to go away after the input signal goes back under the threshold. Guitar compressors are often simplified and some of these features might not be adjustable.
Compressors are used to control dynamics in audio and for the guitar this helps to even out the volume going into the amp so that the tone is more even (distortion is nonlinear meaning that the volume going into it affects the sound). They’re also useful for clean tones because the uncompressed sound might simply be too dynamic with drastic changes in volume.
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