The base of these drinks are espresso. It is brewed under pressure which means it takes less time and it can be much stronger. So a shot of espresso have just as much coffee in it then a cup of regular filter coffee. In order to get a drink more similar to regular coffee you can add water to the espresso making it an americano. Late and cappuccino instead uses heated foamed milk instead of water. The difference between these two is the amount of milk with late having less milk then cappuccino. Another common coffee drink is mocha which is late with chocolate. And of course you have ice coffee which is as the name suggest served cold.
These simple explanations are probably going to offend people as it is a very simple explanation of the different drinks. There are lots of nuances with various different things added and different procedures for each drink. I am saying this because I know people are going to comment on this. The problem is that the definitions of the terms can change between countries and even cities as people have different preferences.
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