Very simplistically, the intestine is a long tube. Anything that stays in the tube because it isn’t digested comes out of the other end as faeces. The parts that are digested go through the membranes into the blood stream. From there, stuff that isn’t wanted or by-products are filtered out by the kidneys and become urine.
To just answer your question of whether it would be possible to only produce urine from solid food, the short answer is no. Feces is composed from digested food, but also other waste products like used up red blood cells, so even if there wasn’t any solid matter coming from your food, you’d still be producing some
Water comes out of your body as urine. Everything else comes out as poop – although there is also some water in feces as well.
Now, food has variable quantities of water in it. If you ate nothing but stale bread for a week and didn’t drink anything, first of all you’d probably die but until then, you’d barely pee. If you ate nothing but apples for a week and didn’t drink any water, you’d probably be pretty miserable but alive, and you’d be peeing out the vast majority of the water contained in those apples.
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