The link budget determines the range of all telecommunications.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_budget
There’s a simple equation here that accounts for the transmitter power, antennas, loss of signal due to distance and interference. There are rules of thumb to account for signal loss at material boundaries (walls and floors) when this can’t be measured.
The power available to each of the devices to send the signal is the principal factor. Both linked devices need to communicate in two directions, so one high powered and one low powered device are limited to the range of the least powerful.
Interference from other signals in the same frequency is also a factor.
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