What did meteorologists have to learn to be able to reliably predict the weather accurately?
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I would say the first big step was when there was a reliable network of observations (temperature, pressure, winds, humidity) and swift enough communication to make a reasonable weather map. Once you have the large scale patterns, you can make reasonable predictions. The big advance after that was the combined advent of powerful computing enabling large numerical models, and satellite observations giving solid coverage and a large amount of input data.
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