It’s physically designed to provide those standard output combinations.
Watts = Volts × Amps. So the four charging modes it supports give you 15W, 18W, 27W, or 33W.
The input numbers just mean that it is designed to draw 0.5 Amps if connected to 100V to 120V, e.g. in North America. AC power is a sine wave so you’ll sometimes see it rated as 110, 115, or 120 V depending on how they measure it.
120V × 0.5A = 60W … so basically it is sucking up to 60W of the wall power and outputting up to 33W to the phone.
In Europe they use double the voltage on normal circuits, and in that case it draws 0.7 Amps. 240V × 0.7A = 168W … seems like overkill but that’s how they like it there; it helps keep the room nice and warm in the winter.
The 50/60 Hz just means it supports 50 Hz or 60 Hz (how fast the AC power switches directions); Europe uses 50 Hz, North America uses 60.
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