I’m quite confused on what the static pressure P is in Bernoulli’s equation. I’m not sure if it’s the external pressure causing fluid to move through, let’s say, a pipe, or the internal pressure within the fluid that’s moving in all the directions.
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It’s the pressure in the liquid. Suppose your pipe had a small hole in it with a tall vertical tube attached. The liquid from the pipe would obviously go into the tube as well and rise to a certain height defined by when the pressure exerted by the column of liquid in the tube becomes equal to the pressure in the pipe (minus atmospheric pressure of course). That value is the static pressure at that point in the pipe where the hole is.
The word “static” is used to discern it from dynamic pressure which is basically the kinetic energy per unit volume of the flowing liquid. Otherwise “static pressure” and “pressure” are synonyms.
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