Stars are very, very dim. When you take a picture, you are exposing the frame for a period of time, usually just a fraction of a second, but you can control that amount of time. When they say a 12 hour exposure, they mean that literally. The frame has been exposed for that time, letting an incredible amount of light in. Of course, any movement in the cameras field of view will come across as a blur, so the movement of the earth comes into play at that point. For stars, you don’t need hours, just enough time to capture enough light. Lens choice and camera sensitivity also help.
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