When they do surgery now, they know to avoid cutting major blood vessels. If they do, or if they have to cut them for some reason, then they will clamp them off to stop the bleeding. Once the procedure is done, they will sew the ends back together. Alternatively, for smaller blood vessels, doctors use a cauterizing scalpel that burns the ends of the blood vessels, preventing blood from escaping. They’ve gotten really good at this.
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