I’ve been really curious about this.
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Modern monitors eg LCDs have fixed physical resolutions so when they get a signal in a resolution other than their native resolution they have dedicated hardware that interpolate the signal into the physical resolution of the monitor, some better than others. That’s why a display usually looks best at its true resolution – although it can cause geometry errors as physical pixels are often not perfectly square
Your monitor has a fixed number of lights to represent pixels, if it is 4k capable, then it has enough lights to represent 8.3 million pixels. When you swap it to a lower resolution, it’s still displaying through 8.3 million lights. 1080p has 1/4th the number of pixels as 4k, so what happens when you use 1080p resolution with a 4k monitor is that instead of 1:1, it becomes 4:1. So, for each 1080p pixel of an image being displayed, 4 lights of the monitor will be used to display it instead.
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