Government backed bonds are basically debenture bonds, and they’re not really secured by anything. Defaulting on your debt, not paying it back, or implying that you might not pay it back will just lead to it being harder to get financing going forward, and/or will make your interest rates higher. Also, remember that not all debt is held other countries, a lot of it is held by private citizens or financial institutions. The financial institutions generally do their homework to make sure the debt will be paid back.
I’d imagine that the two cases where a national debt wouldn’t be paid back would be if a crazy “anti-establishment” but autocratic leader like Trump or Putin came into to power, and they had this crazy idea that they could just forgiven themselves of the debt… or that the country fell on really hard times and basically was completely insolvent — or they got invaded or something like that.
The Dominion of Newfoundland (now the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador) couldn’t pay for its debts in 1934 and gave up being a country over it. The British government ran Newfoundland with an appointed commission until they joined Canada in 1949. So there can be repercussions just not usually.
the most immediate impact is the collapse of the bonds market, anyone that owns Treasury bonds would lose their money and as treasury bonds are generally seen as the Most safe investment to make, the loss of faith here will likely cause the rest of the markets to panic because of all “people” the government was the one person you dont want to skip no their obligations.
after that it depends on who loaned who. 1st off no other foreign or private investor would provide you a loan so incurring more debt is out of the question, as no one will buy this.
if its serious enough a nation might find their foreign assets seized to consolidate the debt. now the question here is if a nation would survive having this done to them or if it would instead park conflict.
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