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You have a solution with a molecule of interest; let’s call that the MoI. The solution could be something like blood from a patient.
We’ll take a test tube or microplate well, and coat it with something that our MoI will stick to. Then we add the blood, allow it to react for a moment, and wash it out of the tube. Our MoI is still stuck to the coating, but everything else from the blood sample is gone.
Then we add a second molecule that binds to our MoI (and not to the original coating). This molecule also contains a radioactive part. Again, we allow it to react for a while, then wash out the tube. Now all that’s left in the tube is coating, MoI bound to it, and radioactive second molecule bound to MoI.
We can pass the tube through a radioactivity-measuring device, and the readout is proportional to how much MoI was present in the original blood sample. We’d need a second tube where we added a known amount of MoI to really quantify the concentration in unknown samples.
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