By definition, a short circuit is when you accidentally connect two parts of a circuit that are at different voltages. This causes current to flow from one to the other, in ways it shouldn’t. This causes problems and sometimes fires.
For example, if you have a battery, and you connect the positive side to the negative side with a wire, there is almost no resistance in that wire. So the electrical current can be very high, quickly draining the battery. In a house, where your power isn’t drained because it comes from the power line, this will cause the current to flow rapidly with almost no resistance, overheating the wires and whatever else is on that circuit. This is why your home has circuit breakers that trip if more current than expected gets pulled from your power lines.
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