Astigmatism occurs when the profile of the lens isn’t circular. If you look at a topographical map of a hill that’s shaped like a normal lens, the lines will appear as concentric circles. In an astigmatic lens, the lines will be oval shaped. This causes the image that passes through it to be blurred along a specific direction. In order to correct that, the eyeglasses need to have their focus set for both vertical and horizontal astigmatism, and the combined effect of both bring the light back into focus.
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