E-ink works kind of like a magnadoodle, the pigment gets pushed or pulled through some goop depending on electric charge. The light reflecting off of this is what creates the image. Here’s a good video that goes much more in depth than I can: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MsbiO8EAsGw
Other modern screens are usually either LCD, which work by changing the polarization of light passing through the display, or OLED where there are tiny diodes that directly emit light.
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