It’s an interface (special connector with a specific algorithm) that allows SSDs to access to it’s data way faster than the older protocols used for the old hard drives and old SSDs.
Quick summary on how:
Old hard drives have a disk that rotates and a “needle” that reads a position of the disk in order to retrieve data (kinda like vinyls, yeah). This allows only to obtain 1 piece of data at the same time. SSDs are a bunch of chips that retrieve the memory position they are asked, with no moving parts, so the limitation of 1 piece of data at a time shouldn’t exist. However, first SSDs are designed to be compatible with the old HDs and hence only support obtaining 1 data at a time, but faster than the HDs.
NVMe just change that “one piece data at a time” to allow several search operations to be performed in parallel.
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