What is principle of covariance in physics?

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That the laws of physics are the same for all observers no matter where they are in the universe. Mathematically this means you can transform one observer’s frame of reference to another without changing the result (or physics) using a certain set of mathematical functions.

In Newtonian Mechanics and Special Relativity this means inertial frames of reference. Anyone moving at a constant velocity. In General Relativity it also includes accelerating frames of reference (i.e gravity).

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