I think it s easiest described with the War War 2 story in wich they tended to look at planes that did come back from the mission and see where the holes are.
At the beginning they started reinforcing those areas thinking that most aircraft gets bullets exactly in that region. That s the definition of survival bias.
Along the way someone smarter figured out though that because all the planes that did come back had holes in the same region and survived, the ones that did not must have them on the other parts of the plane. The surviving one clearly could cope with the holes where they were.
So they started reinforcing the ares that weren t full of holes with great success and increased survivability
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