Physics mostly. Bigger lenses catch more light, bigger lenses allow to adjust distance to the sensor better meaning you can use a larger sensor, larger sensor means you can either have more sensor cells or space them enough to reduce signal noise, so eg in extreme low light settings, a big camera will have the advantage. Todays phones are able to make up a lot of deficiencies through intelligent processing, so the benefits can often be less pronounced, but back to my first point – you can’t beat physics.
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