A very simplistic explanation:
Amnesia: memory loss caused by trauma (using this term very broadly), disease or drug use; can be temporary or permanent, can be loss of memories or inability to form new ones. It’s not just forgetting things, but more like whole chunks are gone.
Dementia: broad term for brain disorders that affects cognitive function (memory, thinking, problem-solving, etc) and is also a broad term for symptoms declining brain function. Dementia gets worse over time, although sometimes can be reversed.
Alzheimer’s: a form of dementia, an incurable disease.
Dementia is an umbrella term for cognitive decline that is typically associated with age. There are numerous types of dementia, including Alzheimer Dementia.
Alzheimer disease is a specific disease that causes dementia.
Amnesia simply means a loss of memory. Like dementia, there are numerous types of amnesia. The most common one is alcohol induced amnesia, aka “blacking out”.
Dementia involves more than one type of mental ability. For example, a person with dementia may have trouble with memory, planning, and language abilities. (One caveat: to qualify as dementia, a person must have their deficits while having “a clear sensorium.” That is, they can’t be drunk, stoned, or delirious.) Alzheimers disease is one type of dementia.
Amnesia refers specifically to a failure in memory.
Amnesia and some types of dementia can be permanent or temporary. Some examples of temporary causes of dementia are hypothyroidism and severe depression.
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