Great comments so far, I’ll only add that Puff Pastry is the “not like the others” on the this list.
The other doughs/batters usually have leavening ingredients (typically baking powder or soda). These ingredients create gas bubbles in response to either heat or acidity, making the waffle/scone/cake/cookies puffy and tasty, otherwise they would be a brick.
FWIW, cake doesn’t *have* to have baking powder, but all ready-made mixes do. Handmade cake recipes might use egg whites.
Puff Pastry doesn’t have leavening at all, it gets it’s puff from melting butter laminated into the dough.
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