It’s a way of approximating something by doing lots and lots of trials. The idea is after many randomized trials a pattern will emerge. It’s very useful for complex systems where there is no closed formula.
A simple example would be suppose you wanted to know the probability of each poker hand. You could write a computer program that generates thousands of random 5 card draws and counts each type of poker hand. Eventually the number of each poker hand divided by the number of trials will approach the theoretical probability.
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