An Agent is simply a representative of the government who can conduct investigations. They do not possess the special power to also arrest people. FBI agents are “Special Agents” because they are able to both conduct investigations and they possess the special power to make arrests.
They have agents and they have special agents.
IIRC, special agents are an employees for job series 1811. People in this role can enforce federal law anywhere in the United States, even if it is outside of their specialty. For example, any 1811 agent can carry a firearm on aircraft, but by doing so they are taking up the responsibility of an air marshal for that flight.
The term “Special Agent” simply means that the agent is given limited, enumerated powers. So, for example a Special Agent of the FBI has the powers designated to that office such as investigatory and arrest powers etc. This is distinguished from a “general” agent who, in the case of the government would have the full power and authority of the government in all respects. No one is or can be given that power as it would be unconstitutional and violate the separation of powers (i.e., Executive, Legislative and Judicial branches). The term “Special” is used to signify that the agent in question holds some powers, but not all powers of the government.
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