> What makes different programming languages “better” than others?
The thought process behind them, i.e., what “problem” are they trying to solve.
> Or more powerful?
Their core library. Small pieces of code written in said language bundled with it that do some basic stuff.
> Why have different languages developed over time?
Pretty much the same reason why some are “better” than others.
> Are they all based on the same thing?
Yes. The theoretical reason is turing machines. The practical reason is assembly code.
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