What makes glue harden with exposure to air?
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Ok, others covered drying off a solvent by evaporation, and anionic polymerization initiated by water.
The last major group you’d encounter are moisture-cured isocyanates (for example “Gorilla Glue”). These are triggered by water vapor in the air and/or physisorbed on the surfaces being joined. The reaction mechanism is a combination of hydrolysis, followed by condensation polymerization.
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