The answers all skew toward audio applications, which isn’t surprising. There are other applications where vacuum tubes are still used, however.
– Radio and TV broadcast. A single (big!) vacuum tube sits at the heart of most high power terrestrial broadcast amplifiers. Transistors can do the job, but it requires a complex network of many components to develop the required power at radio frequencies.
– X-ray. All medical and industrial X-ray sources use a vacuum tube to generate X-rays
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