Nowadays those trading floors are much less crowded since any meaningful transactions can be done online or over the phone. Their continued existence borders on skeuomorphism.
Trades can be done at any point in the day. Delineation of business hours is a method of recording and measuring value over time (Opening day price, closing day price). Functionally, business hours is when there are the largest number of active traders so the market price of stocks is going to be more stable. After hours, with fewer traders operating, there’s going to be more volatility since those fewer transactions can lead to some abrupt changes in price.
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