What stops a nuclear bomb’s chain reaction?
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Nuclear bombs are bombs because the reaction is uncontrolled – a lot of fission happening exponentially. Once it runs out of fuel (because most has been fissioned already, or because it’s too far for neutrons to reliably hit), well, there’s fewer and fewer atoms neutrons can hit, so nothing to create a chain. If your question is what stops the fission of products of reaction, it’s mostly the latter (and the fact that some of the products will eventually turn stable).
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