In English grammar a noun is usually either the subject or the object of a sentence. The subject is the noun that is performing the action, the object is the noun that the action is being performed on. So in the sentence, “The man threw the ball,” the man is the subject; he is the one throwing the ball. The ball is the direct object because the ball is the object being thrown. If you understand the subject vs. object distinction it should be easy to tell if a noun should use the nominative case or the accusative case.
The challenging thing when learning German is learning the distinction between the accusative case (direct objects) and the dative case (indirect objects). This is a distinction that doesn’t exist in English afaik. This mostly comes down to memorization, as depending on which preposition is being used the object will take on either the dative or the accusative case. But for simple sentences with no prepositions, the noun that is receiving the action is in the accusative case.
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