X-rays penetrate the soft-tissues of the body but not the denser bones. This allows the dentist to see in detail, the shape of your teeth and jawbones. It has to be radioactive because radiation is just high-energy particles traveling at certain frequencies, which is the whole purpose of the x-ray. The heavy apron is lined with lead, which is dense enough to stop most of the x-rays from penetrating it. The goal is to reduce the amount of radiation your body is exposed to outside of the area where the x-ray is taken. Radiation causes damages cumulatively. The more radiation exposure, the more risks of complications.
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