The x-rays show the internal (under the gums) structure of your jaw and teeth. The dentist has to use x-ray radiation because light of other wavelengths, like the light in the room, doesn’t go through gums and cheeks and all the other stuff that’s in the way.
The heavy apron is to protect the rest of you from stray x-ray radiation from reflections off your bones and that sort of thing. It’s not really that dangerous, but since putting the apron on you is super easy and very effective at stopping stray x-rays it’s the safest thing to do.
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