Please like why is there 4 different words for other things that are “sour”??
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Sometimes, too much sourness tastes bitter. Also, sometimes too much saltiness tastes bitter. This is just due to how tastebuds detect chemicals. But sourness and bitterness (and saltiness too) are still different tastes.
Flavor words in English just have a much less precise meaning. Think of taste words as analogous to color words – sometimes we associate ‘violet’ with blue, other times we associate it with red. Flavor nuance is harder to share with people than colors because of tongues instead of eyes. That means it’s complicated, and it’s inconsistent.
With that in mind. ‘Sour’ just means something tastes acidic. Tangy means something tastes acidic but in an aromatic or pleasant way. Tart often means a good balance of sweet and sour together. (i.e., “a fruit tart”)
Bitter is the ‘blue’ different from your other three synonymous ‘red’ flavors. It means something tastes like a base/alkaline. If your not sure the difference between acids and bases thats more ELI10 but you can tell the difference by comparing the taste of any citrus fruit to the taste of soap. Citrus is definitely sour. Soap definitely is bitter.
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