A deputy is someone who acts on behalf of someone else. Sort of like a substitute. So a deputy secretary is not the actual secretary but is acting as the secretary. The term can be used in slightly different ways for specific titles but it comes from the same origin. For example a Sheriffs Deputy is acting on behalf of the Sheriff when out on patrol as the actual Sheriff is likely sitting at his desk and are therefore not present police the community. And some uses of deputy is synonymous with vice as in a vice prime minister and a deputy prime minister is describing the same function, someone who can act as the prime minister when the prime minister is unavailable.
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