There are no strict definition but the owners of the establishment usually pick the name depending on what clientel they are seeking. Hotels is a place where you can temporarily rent a room. So you would expect a bed and a bathroom with a shower. Typically breakfast is included as well. Although there is no limits to how extravogant an hotel room can be.
A motel is short for motor hotel and is usually aimed at people who are driving long distances and need somewhere to park up for the night. So there is usually a parking spot just outside the room. This is so that you can park your car, go inside to shower and sleep but you do not really have to drag all your suitcases into the room from the car but can just go out into the car if you need something. Breakfast is less likely to be served because people generally prefer to just get on their way in the morning and buy breakfast at a nearby rest stop so they can eat while driving.
A hostel is for people who need a place to sleep but can not afford a hotel room. These places reduce costs as much as they can by for example only having a bathroom down the hallway, having guests clean the rooms themselves and renting out beds in sleeping halls instead of seperate rooms.
A hotel is a place of accomodation. Its root word is the same as “hospitality”. It has facilities for your comfort – a restaurant, a gym, a pool, perhaps a conference room, room service.
A motel is a place for motorists to stop off overnight. (Motorist + hotel = motel.) It has far more Spartan accomodations. It does not usually have a restaurant, but it might have a vending machine in the hall.
A hostel is a cheap hotel. It comes from the same root word as hotel, hospitality, hospital, and hospice. It is a place to rest and eat as receive hospitality at a reduced cost. Usually the accomodations are shared and the on-site facilities are diy – you bring and cook your own meals in a shared kitchen, rather than eating in a dining room from a set menu.
Hotels don’t necessarily have pools.
A hotel is the ‘standard’ if you like. Bed, room, shower, toilet. Maybe you’ll have food available maybe not.
A motel is a hotel, but is typically built to service a particular road or highway. Motor Hotel.
A hostel is altogether simpler. There might be multiple beds in one room, communal wash and toilet facilities, maybe no facilities for food at all.
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