Just size of battery. Bigger batteries store more power (given the same chemistry) , though most batteries provide the same voltage (1.5v) and current (except 9 volts and 6 volt batteries).
So the application be and form factor determine the size. Like large flashlights typically use D batteries, but a watch would use a smaller battery
In the days before transistors, there were portable radios that used vacuum tubes. These required two kinds of batteries.
1. A low voltage battery to heat the filaments of the tubes. This was called the A battery.
2. A high voltage battery to supply the plate voltage for the tubes. This was called the B battery.
Later when letters were used for different battery sizes, B was not used for a low voltage battery size, since it was already used for the high voltage plate battery.
Your cylindrical alkaline batteries all have the same voltage. AAA, AA, C, D are all 1.5 V. They have the ability to satisfy higher current (draw) the larger they get. If you could adapt a C battery to a device requiring a D cell, it would still run but it might not run for very long. Small devices typically don’t require much current, so the battery can be made smaller, allowing for a reduction in size of the device.
This [site](https://www.batterypowerzone.co.za/blog/60/why-are-batteries-called-aa-and-aaa) breaks it down.
AAA batteries are smaller compared to A. The smallest battery is of pin-shaped, 3.5mm diameter lithium-ion.
AAA batteries carry a smaller amount of mixture as compared to the AA.
AAA batteries carry a smaller amount of charge as compared to the AA.
AAA batteries are used in low power (small) devices, while AA batteries are used in high power (small) devices.
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