Pixel is not math in the same way. To simplify:
Photoshop art is a grid of color dots (pixels). It become blurry when enlarged because you are just turning one colored dot into four dots of the same color.
With vector art, there are no colored dots. There are points with lines connecting them, and the space in-between is colored in. The lines are drawn by the math formulas, so they are not size-dependent.
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