Alcohol dissolves things (we’re especially thinking about flavour compounds) that water can’t easily dissolve, and help those things get into your flavour receptors.
Alcohol also has its own taste and flavour which might be desired to balance a dish by adding some piquant bitterness.
Lastly, not all of the alcohol cooks out. This is a misconception. You would need to boil a dish almost completely dry to boil off all of the alcohol. Even after several hours of simmering some will still remain.
Alcohol can extract flavors out of foods that water can’t in situations where you don’t want to add fat. E.g. adding some wine to your tomato sauce gets flavors out of the tomato that simply cooking them wasn’t, spreading it out into the sauce and making it taste more… tomatoey. The alcohol can cook off after that because its job is done now.
The majority of recipes aren’t using the alcohol for the alcohol. Using wine brings depth and additional flavour, vodka can help elevate flavours already in the recipe eg: herbs & spices.
Beer in batter makes it lighter and beer in a steak pie or stew can give you an incredible amount of depth quickly
I had heard that foods that contain tomato or red peppers benefit from the addition of alcohol because some of the substances in peppers and tomatoes react with alcohol to form new flavorful compounds that you just can’t get without exposing the food to both alcohol and heat.
It seems to work. Maybe it’s the placebo effect, but my tomato sauces taste better when there’s alcohol involved in the recipe.
A few reasons.
Lots of ingredients have components that are alcohol soluble, so in vodka penne for example the vodka can easily extract flavors from the herbs and spices which then meld with the rest of the dish when the alcohol evaporates.
Sometimes it’s used as a deglazer e.g. white wine added to a pan after cooking meat helps get all the tasty crispy bits off the bottom to mix into things.
Sometimes the high rate of evaporation is a positive, pie crusts cooked with alcohol can be flakier and crispier since it evaporates out more quickly than other liquids.
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