slowly and with difficulty, there is a good wikipedia page on it https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_American_currency, but basically all the states individually started issuing their own unbacked currencies for like 6 years before the federal government got around to using a loan of french silver to actually make a national currency, and state curriencies continued for almost another 100 years.
back in that day, a lot of currencies werw still gold/silver backed/coins, so it was easier to use multiple nation’s currencies in 1 market, just compare the weight, so people did thst a lot. the name “Dollar” is actually ripped off from a Spanish currency “Dollar” that was popular at the time
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