Food gets broken down by enzymes in your mouth, stomach, and small intestines. As it moves through these structures, it gets mashed up into something called chyme. This allows your intestinal cells to absorb the different nutrients that compose food, i.e sugar, fats, proteins. This influx of nutrients into your blood stream stimulates insulin, among other hormones. Insulin tells your cells to open their doors and allow nutrients to flow into them. Sugar gets used for energy, but excess sugar gets turned into fat for storage. Amino acids from protein gets used for building things in cells, but it can also get turned into sugar in the liver if it needs to be. Fat gets stored for later. This is where the weight comes from. If you balanced your caloric intake exactly with your energy needs, you wouldn’t gain weight. Now this is largely ignoring weight from water consumption and from the “leftover” indigestible components of food that you poop out.
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